Use Of Control To Manipulate Or Coerce Is Not Leading Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3457 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Literature review summaries the finding of a search of literature that demonstrates that the literature has been read, located and evaluated as Collis and Hussey (2003) stated in their book Business Research. The literature review also focused on the various knowledge, views and ideas expressed by different authors whether for or and against a topic in the field of studies, its strengths and weakness that has become strategic and critical to this review in the following areas: Competitive Advantage, Corporate Strategy, Marketing Strategies, Corporate Responsibilities, Reward Strategy, Competition, Change Management, Leadership/ Leadership Style, Customer Relation/Satisfaction and Pricing Strategy. 2.1 Competitive Advantage: Competitive advantage is the value a firm gives to a product as Porter (1985) says. Dess, et al (2003) also Goldman and Nieuwenhuizen (n.d.) stated, that it is an innovation issue in finding a new and improved way of doing things ensuring long term survival of the organisation. Barney, (2001) gives four empirical indicators for the firm to generate sustained competitive advantage, value, rareness, imitability, and substitutability, while Porter further stated that there are two basic types of competitive advantage: cost leadership and differentiation. This can be achieved essentially by differentiating ones products and services from those of competitors and through low costs or by customising the product. However, Porter advised firms to avoid being stuck in the middle; Knights (1992) found it difficult to follow in practice, while Pitelis and Taylor (1996) argued and understood the concept as being stuck in the middle between the two, Ansoff (1965) used it but more so to ident ify what a firm needed to compete effectively, therefore Porters recommendations for achieving competitive advantage leaves one to conclude it as deficient. Downes article Beyond Porter stated that five forces are no longer viable, but identified three new forces as a strategic business design tool, which has become powerful forces recently, since the markets are highly sophisticated with information technology making digitalisation, globalisation and deregulation viable options. NGCs competitive advantage can be seen in their location which is strategically situated in the education centre of the country. Its leadership style involves an all encompassing approach and their methods of communications have all contributed significantly to their attaining competitive advantage. Additionally, their exposure to wider global initiatives has had the resultant effect of providing an expanding world view and stakeholders input. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Use Of Control To Manipulate Or Coerce Is Not Leading Business Essay" essay for you Create order 2.2 Corporate Strategy Corporate strategy can be seen as a management control system in organisation. Johnson and Scholes (2004) define strategy as the direction and scope of an organisation over the long termÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. Thompson, (2004, p.24) stated, corporate strategy consists of the initiatives the company usesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦the approaches corporate executives pursue ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦and the means of capturing and turning cross-businesses synergies into competitive advantage. Some authors criticisms of Porters is that his concepts need further clarification, his premature dismissal of the portfolio approach, Goold (1987) argue that there are few circumstances under which a financial control style can be preferable his lack of attention for organisational issues, difficulty in operationalizing the better-off test, and the unclearly defined concept of corporate theme. While no longer at the forefront of corporate st rategy his ideas are still accepted and applicable in the business world. Porter stated:It is a pattern of major objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals. In other words, it defines what business the company is in or is to be in and the kind of company it is or is to be. The objectives and policy are a framework of a corporate strategy, and describe an organisations purpose, plans and actions for implementation as written by Andrews. Mullins, (2007) puts another spin on strategy when he stated, competitiveness and the external environment have placed important emphasis on corporate strategy and the competencies of managers. Hence, it seems that the strategy at NGC places deliberate and systematic emphasis on leadership development and to consciously seek to identify potential leaders and providing avenues for expression. This strategy seems to be excellent for NGC, in a world where leadership is lacking and ethical issues are at t he forefront of corporate governance. Strategy effectiveness is about first asking questions, then improving the quality of those questions through listening to the answers and acting on the new knowledge. Any effective strategy requires the successful integration of thoughts about tomorrows new business opportunities with both past experience and the pattern of todays behaviours as seen in Lloyds, (2001). 2.3 Marketing Strategies: The marketing mix termed by Borden, (1964) refers to the primary elements of product, price, place and promotion known as the 4ps of marketing. The environment has evolved becoming more competitive with emphasis on customer satisfaction and what benefit is it to the customer. Belch, (2004) referred to a product as a bundle of benefits or value that satisfies the needs of consumers. In the case of NGC, it would appear that the potential value-added benefit and product have incrementally developed into a brand worth promoting. Kotler, (2006) defines marketing mix as satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process. It would seem that many organisations are culpable of an inconsiderate approach to their marketing strategy, with the resultant effect of diminishing return in customer satisfaction. (agree or disagree) Levitts (YEAR), states that companies should view marketing from the customers perspective, while sustaining growth depends on how broadly you define the busine ss, and how you gauge the needs of the customer. Most business is seen as producing goods or services as in the private institution, and not as buying customers, they are product oriented instead of customer oriented. Marketing is wide as it is specific and based on the findings in this review it suggests that in order for a marketing plan to be successful the appropriate strategy for the organisation must be applied, in its attempt to achieve the companys objectives. The marketing approach has been observed to be consistent and effective in their methodology towards achieving higher market share and sustainable growth. (show relevance to Research Question) Whether NGC institution present a superior model in light of deteriorating standards and unrealised goals within the education system? (Subject to change) 2.4 Corporate Responsibilities: Corporate responsibilities (CR) refer to the value system and ethical responsibilities of an organisation which serves as an important signal to employees, investors and consumers. (Source?) Kotler and Lee (2005) states that corporations are expected to give back to the communities in the form of charitable projects which is good public relation providing best practices and cutting-edge ideas for todays good corporate citizen. Jones in (Hopkins, 2007) cites, it is not about investing in communities to resolve social problems, but about the companys integrity in governing itself, fulfils its mission, living by its values, engages with its stakeholders, measures its impact and reports on its activities. Blowfield and Murray (2008), In contrast, sees it as creating programmes to tackle specific ideas, then put in place systems to enforce and sustain what is considered to be ethical practices where a report is produced after which it is seen as law and becomes a business drive r. Mercks philosophy of CR is that medicine is important for the people but the profits follow and if we never forget that, increased profitability will follow. Corporate responsibility is critical to any organisation and a main part of human resource management. NGC should revisit their corporate responsibilities to meet or consider the standard outlined in the theories discussed here, so that it may add value to the organisation and thus, further strengthened it competitiveness. 2.5 Leadership: The term Leadership connotes the image of powerful, dynamic individuals who commands victorious armies and leads and direct corporate empires or shape the courses of nations (Yuki, 2010). An observation by Bennis, (1959) states: Always, it seems, the concept of leadership eludes us or turns up in another form to taunt us again with its slipperiness and complexity. So we have invented an endless proliferation of terms to deal with itÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ and still the concept is not sufficiently defined. There are many definitions for the word leadership and most assumptions are that it is to exert authority, control, traits, behaviours, influence and interaction of patterns and roles over people to guide them in facilitating activities in a group or organisation. Numerous definitions appear to have little in common, such as who exerts influence, the intended purpose, the manner and outcome of that influence. Yuki (2010): Leadership is the process of influenci ng others to understand and agree about what is done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives. Leadership according to Katz Kahn, (1978): is the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organisation. Hemphill Coons (1957): the behaviour of an individualÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.directing the activities of a group towards a shared goal. Burns (1978): is when personsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.mobiliseÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ institutional, political, psychological, and other resources so as to arouse, engage and satisfy the motives of followers. House et al, (1999), leadership is the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organisation. Richards Engle (1986); leadership is about articulating visions, embodying values, and creating the environment wi thin which things ca be accomplished. The issue of leadership can be seen as a specialised role or shared influence process which can jeopardise its effect if shared. Another view is an influence process that occurs naturally within a social system and diffused among members. Some theorists define leadership as an exercise of influence resulting in a commitment by followers, as opposed to indifferent compliance or reluctant obedience. Bennis Nanus, (1985), Zalenik, (1977) contend that leadership and management are qualitatively different and mutually exclusive, while Bennis Nanus (1985) proposed managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right thing. Bass (1990), Hickman (1990), Kotter (1988), Mintzberg (1973) and Rost (1991) view leading and managing as distinct processes or roles, but do not assume that leaders and managers are different types of people. Mintzberg (1973) describes leadership as one of 10 managerial roles. Kotter (1990) prop osed that managing seeks to produce predictability and order whereas leading seeks to produce organisational change. The importance of leading and managing depends in part on the situation. Rost (1991) defined management as an authority relationship that exists between a manager and subordinates to produce and sell goods and services. Leadership or management controversy continues while a person can be a leader without being a manager, and a person can be a manager without leading. Managers are concerned with how things are done and try to get people to perform better, while leaders are concerned with what things mean to people, and try to get them to agree about the important things to be done. (can this be happening @NGC) 2.6 Leadership styles There are many dimensions to leadership and many ways to describe the styles of leaders. Basically, it is the operations and functions of the managers leadership style that continues to have a great effect on the organisation. The leader, a follower, and the situation theories have been classified into: Trait, Behaviour, Power-influence, Situational Integrative, Trait is Behaviour is Power-influence is Situational Integrative which are further conceptualised as intra-individual, dyadic, group and organisational processes. Equally, todays managers seems to be more equipped for every situation where various leadership skills and styles are incorporated into their everyday function to suit the situation and taking on the role as required. Integrative Leadership is a holistic, reflective and responsive approach to leading oneself, leading others, and leading in the organization and involves developing multiple perspectives, utilizing intelligen ces and educating on levels of awareness.(Hatala Hatala, 2005), this leadership model can be seen in NGC, where Fielders favourability of leadership situation, Vroom et al (0000) revised, quality and acceptance of leaders decision, Hersey and Blanchard, readiness level of followers are defined and incorporated along with the path-goal theory by House and later House and Dessler. The integrated contingency models together with the autocratic, laissez-faire, dictatorial, unitary, bureaucratic, benevolent, charismatic, consultative, participative or abdicatorial styles make the function of management even more complex in its application. (This can be eliminated, if too much wordsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦not important) 2.7 Reward Strategy: Armstrong (2009) writes reward strategies deal with pay structures and can come in different shape and sizes. It can be a form of motivation, whether non-financial as well as financial rewards. Manas and Graham (2003) writes salary, bonuses, benefits and perks are the most visible element of a reward program. Adams suggests that people are only motivated when treated equitably. Latham and Locke states it is both performance and motivation, while Vrooms is based on the more effort, the higher the reward. Rewards can be tangible and intangible, however most employees sees it as pay. Berger and Berger states rewards are the policies and practices that provide you with something of value in return for contributions. Herzbergs factors are seen as motivating people because of the value of the work, the recognition received, along with responsibility and the potential for growth as a reward. Recognition, too many is not seen as a reward because it is not monetary, how be it in many cases, a simple thank you or an acknowledgement by someone in authority would boost ones morale, increase productivity and motivate the employee. Commendations are given on a monthly basis to the students of NGC, as a means of motivation and rewards by the institution. Although succession planning has been initiated, it may be or may not be safe to assume that promotion and remuneration packages are yet to be fully formalised to meet industry standards. This leaves us to believe that the teachers are dedicated and willing to make sacrifices for the students. (are there suggestions to remedy this / increase function by even rewarding teacher based on evaluation by student etc) 2.8 Competition: Competition is a business relation, in which two or more parties compete to gain customers, it is also rivalry between companies to achieve greater market share. Competition between companies for customers will lead to product innovation and improvement; it also builds team spirit and ultimately, lower prices . Porters Five Forces: Diagram of Porters five forces Porters five forces capture the idea of the theory on competition with the suppliers, buyers, substitutes, new entrant and the competitors and has been criticised by Neill. Although Coyne and Subramaniam criticized Porter stating three dubious assumptions underlies the five forces: that buyers, competitors, and suppliers are unrelated and do not interact and collude; that the source of value is structural advantage (creating barriers to entry); and that uncertainty is low, allowing participants in a market to plan for others behaviour. Additionally, Brandenburger and Nalebuff(0000) further criticised Porters five forces and added a 6th force called the complementors, this refers to organisations producing products and services which support those of another industry and add value using game theory which explains strategic alliances. Other references say the 6th force is the government or the public. This may seem to imply that competition drives innovative ideas, increase productivity and also gives way for team spirit. NGC richness of ideas and originality of thinking creatively is indicatives of the adaptability and adaptation of the requirements of the education act, but reserving the right to embrace a multifaceted approach in pursuit of a holistic and all-round learning environment. To quote Helsel: The teacher is capable of exerting considerable control over the destiny of an innovation. This should be continued as it offers opportunities for creativity by students. The exploration of multiple Intelligences can be considered a portal with the potential to inextricably link creativity and innovative ideas. According to Gardner,(0000) every form of intelligence has a unique biological basis, a distinct course of development, and different expert, or end-state, performances; with particular emphasis on the requirement for a lengthy process of education to transform any raw potential into a mature social role. (Bas ic, 1993) Without competition, the possibility exist that there could be freedom for un-ethical practices to be pursued and organisations could use any means necessary to succeed or compete in the market arena. Although the environment is highly competitive, an awareness and understanding of NGC operations should be achieved for the present strategy to be effective. Therefore, monitoring the situation and being at the cutting edge is a matter for NGC to consider with its values for continuum. 2.9 Change Management Change is a pervasive influence. It is an inescapable part of both social and organisational life and we are all subject to continual change of one form or another.(Mullins, 2007) Change can be simplistic and based on observation and not investigation and research, like Grundy (1993) three types are: bumpy incremental change, discontinuous change and smooth incremental change, Senior and Flemming (2006, p. 42-46) Balogun and Hope Haileys (2004) agrees with Grundy but takes it further, while Tushman et al (1988) suggest that change should be developed to be a fit between organisation strategy, structure and processes; thus it is a reactive change made to fit the dynamics of the environment and would have elements of fine-tuning and incremental adjustment. Stacy and Dunphy (2001) argue that corporate transformations can take various forms and should be undertaken in a directive or coercive fashion. Similarly, Kotter (1996) ignores the continuum of change, but argues that org anisations need to be continuously transforming through a series of large and small interlinked change projects at different levels, functions and timescale (Burnes, 2009). Step change which is a sudden change in the value of some variable while Planned change is change consciously embarked upon by an organisation and associated with organisational development, as Lewin in Burnes (2009, p.328) where the organisation identifies and undertakes the process to bring about change. Out of Storey (1992) two key dimensions, were constructed a four-fold typology of change and top-down systemic change aimed at transforming the organisation. Also kaizen or continuous improvement is a method of change that introduces total quality management (TQM) which is a way of managing that gives everyone in the organisation responsibility for delivering quality to the final customer. NGCs motto Impact through education is a transformational phrase and is connected to the governing body, whose foc us is upon personal and individual transformation to that of systemic impact through societal and institutional transformation. NGCs emergent change process morphed over a ten year period, as they learnt and were occupied in the various change methods incrementally. 2.10 Customer Relation: Customer relationship management (CRM) is the influence of effective communication skills that manipulates customers happiness and job satisfaction, giving them the tools the business needs to maximize opportunities and keep customers delighted. CRM according to Genghis Khan is that you cannot be everything to everyone but knowing and understanding your customer and their expectation, knowing what you represent is a key component to any successful organisation.(zen-moments.com) CRM processes helps to identify and target their best customers, generate quality sales leads, and plan and implement marketing campaigns with clear goals and objectives; it also forms individualized relationships with customers (to improve customer satisfaction) and provide the highest level of customer service to the most profitable customers; which provides employees with the information they need to know their customers wants and needs, and build relationships between the company and its customers. (About.com/marketing) The term the customer is always right was used over the years where it was profitable to keep a good customer happy and lose a little profit, rather than argue with the customer. This developed the complaint department and CRM became important to the organisation (referenceforbusiness.com) which opened the door for customer satisfaction. Summary: Your headings and arguments need to be integrated to the research questionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ 3481wds [They argue that use of control to manipulate or coerce is not leading, but an unethical use of power. (show how there can be used to support the research ques or its objectives) An opposing view is that it is too restrictive and excludes the processes for understanding why managers are effective or ineffective. Depending on the situation the outcome can be different, but commitment to the cause and discovering the best option for individual or the organisation would result in the influential process of leadership. (tell if you agree or disagree with this)] [However, Wilson (1992) and Quinn (1980) criticised that for change to take place an environmental analysis must be done and Quinn states that strategic decisions are made in spite of formal planning, Senior and Fleming, (2006, p.53). ] Innovation is the introduction of something new, a new idea, method, or device: novelty (merriam-webster.com); while creativity is the ability to produce something new through imaginativ e skill, whether a new solution to a problem, a new method or device, or a new artistic object or form (answers.com). who showed personnel enhancement and aptitude in various skills sets, development. However, by observation it may seems to suggest that only the students are commended for their efforts, while the staff go unnoticed and are bypass where commendations are concerned.

Dr. Sweet Was An African American Doctor That Bought A...

1. Ossian Sweet was an African American doctor that bought a house in a white neighborhood in Detroit. At the time, neighborhoods in Detroit were unofficially segregated. After Dr. Sweet bought the house, he was warned by neighbors that trouble would come and a block club formed to keep him out. Dr. Sweet expected trouble in his first night at the residence, and thus he enlisted the help of family and friends to protect themselves; he also warned the police, knowing they would not help to keep him safe. In his first night, a crowd formed, 11 police officers were present and there was no violence. However on the second night the crowd was allegedly aggressive and Dr. Sweet feared that the crowd would burn the house along with everyone inside, and as a result someone inside the house shot and killed a member of the crowd while also injuring another. The police immediately rushed inside the house and arrested all occupants. After their arrest, the police wanted to charge them with 1st d egree murder, but before the trial, the NAACP heard of the case and wanted to provide legal assistance to protect their rights, out of fear that lynching might spread to the northern part of the U.S. During the first trial the temper of the crowd that had formed outside of Dr. Sweet’s house was heavily debated. One of the strong points for the defense was that the prosecutors could not identify who killed the member of the crowd. The jury could not reach a verdict and thus there was a retrial. InShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. 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Management Data Visualisation

Question: Describe about the Data Visualisation? Answer: Introduction Data visualisation and data analysis with pictorial or graph and chart is become an important part in the todays business analytics. We have to analyse the data for the journalists in this assignment. In a world-wide several journalists were killed by the terrorists or other local authorities. Data related to this topic is provided within excel document file. We have to study several aspects related to the journalists who are killed worldwide. We have to use different analytical or statistical tools for the purpose of analysis of data for the deaths of journalists occurred worldwide. Data Elements There are total 24 variables given in the data set. Last column is used for the description purpose. Here we only consider 21 variables for study. The list and characteristic of these variables is given below: No. Variable Scale Description 1 Name Nominal Name of Journalist 2 Role Nominal Role of Journalist 3 Motive Nominal Motive confirmed or not 4 Sex Nominal Sex of Journalist 5 Date Killed Nominal Date of journalist killed 6 Year of Death Scale Year of Journalist killed 7 Month of Death Nominal Month in which journalist killed 8 Country Killed Nominal Country in which Journalist killed 9 Organization Nominal Organization of Journalist 10 Nationality Nominal Nationality of Journalist 11 Medium Nominal Type of media for which Journalist works 12 Job Nominal Type of job of Journalist 13 Coverage Nominal Type of coverage 14 Freelance Nominal Whether Journalist is freelance or not 15 Local/Foreign Nominal Journalist is foreign or local 16 Source of Fire Nominal source of fire 17 Type of Death Nominal type of death 18 Impunity (for Murder) Nominal impunity for murder 19 Taken Captive Nominal taken captive or not 20 Threatened Nominal threatened or not 21 Tortured Nominal tortured or not 22 Profile on CPJ Nominal profile information 23 Image Nominal image reference site 24 Description Nominal Description of how Journalist killed Data Visualisation and data analysis: There are total 1589 observations for each variable under study. The frequency for journalist is found as 1502 and for media workers it is found as 87. Out of total journalists, 1083 were motive confirmed while 419 were unconfirmed. Percentage for male journalist is found as 86.8%. In the year 2007, total 112 journalists were killed and this is the maximum number of journalist killed in any year. Most of the journalists (about 251) were killed in the country Iraq. Maximum Proportion of journalists killed is found for the print media. 184 journalists killed by the terrorists were freelance media worker. 137 journalists were killed in the foreign countries. 713 journalists were murdered by terrorists. Most of the journalists were killed in the month May and November. Now, we have to test one hypothesis that whether the average number of journalist killed per month are 130 or not? For checking this hypothesis we need the following information: For this hypothesis, the null and alternative hypothesis is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: Average number of journalists killed is 130. Alternative hypothesis: Ha: Average number of journalists killed is not 130. For this one sample t test, we have p-value is greater than the level of significance or alpha value 0.05, so we do not reject the null hypothesis that Average number of journalists killed is 130. The 95% confidence interval for the average number of deaths of journalists per month is found as (122, 142). Interpretations or conclusions: 1) There are total 1589 deaths of journalists recorded over the time period from 1992 to 2014. 2) Most of the deaths are observed in the country Iraq.3) Most of the deaths are observed for print media journalists.4) Deaths of female journalists are comparatively very less than the male journalists.5) On an average, about 132 journalists are killed during the period from 1992 to 2014.6) Most of the journalists were killed in the month of May and November.7) Most of the deaths of journalists occurred due to the murder. References: 1) Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, I.A., "Handbook of mathematical functions", Dover publications, New York, 1964 (1972) 2) Crow, E.L., Davis, F.A., and Maxfield, M.W. "Statistics Manual", Dover publications, Inc New York, 1960 3) Fraser, D.A.S., "Nonparametric methods in statistics", John WileySons, New York, ChapmanHall, London, 1957 (2nd 1959) 4) Kanji, G.K., "100 statistical tests", Sage publications London, Newbury Park, New Dehli, ISBN: 0 8039 8704 8, 1993 5) Papoulis, Athanasios "Probability and Statistics" Prentence-Hall International Editions, ISBN: 0 13 711730 2, 1990 6) Siegel, S. "Non-parametric statistics for the behavioral sciences", McGraw-Hill book company, Inc. New York, Toronto, London, 1956 7) Van den Brink, W.P., and Koele, P. "Statistiek, Deel 3: Toepassingen", Boom Meppel Amsterdam 8) D. Rowntree, Statistics without tears: a primer for non-mathematicians, (Scribner, New York, 1981). 9) G. Kranzler and J. Moursund, Statistics for the Terrified 2nd ed., (Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River, 1999). 10) G.F.K. Naylor and L.E. Enticknap, Statistics Simplified. An Introduction for Social Scientists and Others. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Group, Sydney, 1981).11) H. Motulsky, Intuitive Biostatistics: A Nonmathematical Guide to Statistical Thinking, (2nd ed.) (Oxford University Press, 2010).12) D.B. Orr, Fundamentals of Applied Statistics and Surveys, (Chapman and Hall, New York, 1995).

Science Versus Superstition in Dracula and Victoria England Essay Example

Science Versus Superstition in Dracula and Victoria England Paper During the Victorian Era in Britain, British citizens began to explore the east and became fascinated with it. There was a great interest in the orient and the objects and culture that came from it. Although the people were mystified by the superstitious nature of the orient learned from their eastern excursions, they were afraid of the east being able to travel to the west. Although the British consumed eastern culture, they were still afraid of too much infiltration by the east. They didnt want their pure British culture to be tainted. Because of this, they used science to explain, classify, and control the unknown superstitious nature of the orient. This push of science onto the eastern world is seen in several scenes throughout the novel Dracula, which was written by Bram Stoker during the Victorian Era in Britain. The proper British characters are constantly trying to overcome Dracula with science. British Imperialism and the British Empires attitude towards the east are shown through the relationship through science and superstition in Dracula. While traveling east, the British encountered a lot of new and previously unknown commodities, cultures, and people. These eastern cultures were seen as backwards to the British people. They had a sort of superstitious quality about them and were thought to be improper because of it. Britain didnt want their proper society contaminated by the superstitious cultures of the orient. There existed a fear that the east would begin to travel west and come back to Britain. The unknown societies and practices were so foreign to them. Britain feared the unknown and so took control by using science to try to understand and classify the cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Versus Superstition in Dracula and Victoria England specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Science Versus Superstition in Dracula and Victoria England specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Science Versus Superstition in Dracula and Victoria England specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By using proper science, the British were also showing their sense of superiority and elitism. It was believed that the Eastern notion of honor was skewed. It was driven by superstition, which resulted in easterners having flawed notions of what honorable behavior is1. This chaos and backwardness justified a need for a forced British order. Attempting to classify everything around them lead to the comfort that there was nothing they couldnt handle and that they had gained control over everything. There was nothing to be afraid of because the world was under proper Britain and their elitist science. This is similar to how proper Britain in the novel Dracula did not want to be tainted by the superstitious ways of Dracula from the east. From the very beginning of the novel, orientalism is prevalent in the comparisons made between the east and west. There is a sense of us versus them that Jonathan Harker has before he even arrives in Transylvania and meets Dracula. He speaks of leaving the west and entering the east. Steve Patterson describes how the British at the time represented progress, enlightenment, and modernity while the east represented chaos, superstition, and backwardness2. Jonathan is aware that the trains are getting later and later. He states, It seems to [him] that the further East you go the more unpunctual are the trains3. He associates lateness and chaos with the east, which was a common assumption at the time. The British thought the opposite of their proper order, was superstitious chaos. And since east is the opposite of west, the east must be chaotic and uncivilized. He goes on to describe the unfamiliar gar of the people he sees. He speaks of barbarian people wearing high boots and having heavy moustaches and long black hair. The mere comparison between himself and the Slavic people show Jonathans racist oriental views of the east. He is validating his clean cut British appearance by comparing it to barbaric people. Although the British were afraid of the orient and found the people to be backwards, they were also enthralled with it at the same time. When travelers came back form the east and came home to the west, they brought with them commodities and most importantly culture. British homes were filled with oriental rugs, vases, even hookahs. Teas, spices, and sugar became a part of everyday life. Even the most proper of gentlemen had their heirlooms and smoked their hookah pipes. Exotic animals were brought back along with exotic garb, plants, and customs. Oriental culture became intertwined with British culture. The two became inseparable. For a people who were so scared of letting eastern culture tarnish their proper ways, they sure welcomes the consumption of it with open arms. Although there was a large consumption of Eastern culture, the British still remained weary of their properness. They wanted their foreign treasures to be exotic, but still fit into the conservative structure of British society. There was a push and pull of oriental culture. The British were fascinated by the newness and wanted to immerse themselves, but still keep it distant enough to retain their Victorian pureness. In the same way that the British were interested in eastern culture, the characters in Dracula were unwillingly drawn to the mystery of the oriental Dracula. The power that Dracula had over the characters is reminiscent of the way that eastern culture had a powerful draw for the Victorian British. The characters are afraid of Dracula and his unknown superstitions, yet cannot shake their unexplained attraction to his eastern mysteriousness. When Jonathan is in the castle and encounters the three voluptuous women, he senses that they have an eastern animalistic evil about them, yet is drawn to them. He says there was something about them that made me uneasy, some longing and at the same time some deadly fear. 4 He is drawn to them even though he knows they are so completely opposite of proper Victorian Britain. There is an appeal to what is taboo in the strict Victorian society. Regardless that Dracula is Fiction, this speaks volumes about the Victorian British at the time and how they were so drawn to the superstitious culture of the east, even though they knew they should be upholding the conventional values that British society hold so highly. Just as the British in the Victorian era feared the east and tried to find comfort in science, the fictitious characters in Dracula attempted to defeat Eastern Dracula with science. Van Helsing explains that to save Lucy from Draculas induced illness he must perform several blood transfusions. He plans to use the blood from her initial three suitors to refill her body after Dracula has sucked most of it out. Van Helsing tries to use Victorian science and reason to overcome Draculas evil from the east. Even before Jonathan returns to England, he uses reason to overcome his fear in Draculas castle. While writing to Mina about he saw Dracula crawling down the side of the castle, he begins his entry by saying, Let me begin with facts-bare, meager facts, verified by books and figures, and of which there can be no doubt. While immersed in Draculas eastern castle surrounded by superstitions, the thing that comforts Jonathan and reminds him of his home in England, he uses the science and reason that England relies on so heavily to stay grounded while classifying the unknowns of the east. However, just as the British could not contain the superstitious east and stop it form penetrating their proper society, the characters in Dracula could not restrain Dracula with science alone. T he transfusions ultimately failed and Dracula continued to keep draining Lucy of her blood. When the transfusions fail and Van Helsing resorts to superstitious garlic. He is aware of the limitation of modern science6. The others in the group are confused by Van Helsings use of superstition. Dr. Seward exclaims to Van Helsing, Well Professor, I know you always have a reason for what you do, but this certainly puzzles me. 7 The others realize he is straying from science and moving on to superstition and are a bit uneasy about it, but they trust Van Helsing because they have faith in his scientific past. Just as the British peoples use of science and reason failed to keep the east out and they had to succumb to the permeation of eastern culture and accept it into their culture, the characters in Dracula have to accept the superstition into their lives and trust that it will be more beneficial than the previous use of science and reason. The oriental culture had made its way into British culture, seeped in, and shaken up proper Victorian society. Much like the failure to keep away Dracula, no matter how hard the British tried to keep oriental culture out, the ways of the east breached Englands shores. The order in British society was mimicked in the order of their science. Trying to solve eastern superstitions with science is similar to trying to impose order on the world to retain the comfortable, pure order of proper Britain. The characters in Stokers Dracula are constantly trying to control Dracula with science and constantly failing. They eventually have to resort to superstition. This mirrors the effect of eastern culture on British society. As much as Britain tried to contain the orient with science, the orient penetrated proper Britain and seeped into British culture, where it still remains today.